Few individuals have left as deep an influence on their time as did Germaine de Stael, one of the greatest intellectuals of her age, whose works have influenced entire cultures, eras, and disciplines. This book reflects on the history of France, and the state of public opinion in France at the Accession of Louis XVI.
The first study of how Genevan Etienne Dumont, and his traumatic experience of the French Revolution, shaped the reception and presentation of 'Benthamism' and masked the true face of Jeremy Bentham, one of the architects of modern society who visualised a new world based on the values of transparency, accountability, and economy.
Two hundred years ago, Britain and France were locked in a brutal struggle for supremacy. The struggle for the empire involved military campaigns and political intrigue around the globe. This book uses research and reports from military officers, sailors and diplomats to bring to life a period that marked the beginning of the world as we know it.
A survey of the changing nature of the Yugoslav ideal, demonstrating why Yugoslavism was championed at different times, and by whom. Covering the period from the 1850s to the death of Tito in 1980, Drapac places Yugoslavia in an international context and examines it largely, but not exclusively, from a transnational perspective.
Drawing on a wide range of primary sources, this book investigates the everyday human experience of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars by French military and civilians, the impact of these wars on the French nation and society, and the rise of a new kind of war in the West at the turn of the nineteenth century.
Offers an original perspective on the social, political and ideological transformation of Ottoman Crete within the nationalist context of the late nineteenth century. It focuses on the Cretan revolts of 1896 and 1897, and examines the establishment of the autonomous Cretan State and the withdrawal of Ottoman troops from the island in 1898.
While the war on land saw the rise of the greatest soldier the world had known - Napoleon Buonaparte - the war at sea had the unprecedented genius of Horatio Nelson. Written with intriguing insight about the parallels between the two historic figures, the author also tells the story of the daily lives of the sailors on board the fighting ships.
This volume asks which national histories underpinned which national identity constructions in almost every nation state in Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It explores the construction of national identities through history writing and analyses their interrelationship with histories of ethnicity/race, class and religion.
This volume asks which national histories underpinned which national identity constructions in almost every nation state in Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It explores the construction of national identities through history writing and analyzes their interrelationship with histories of ethnicity/race, class and religion.
A study of the life, career, beliefs and motives of Cavour, first prime minister of Italy. This was a position which he created, as it did not exist when his career began. Topics covered include the argument that Cavour was more interested in increasing Piedmont's power than in Italian unification.
Details what happened in France during the year 1789, the first year of the French Revolution. This book offers an introduction that provides a short intellectual biography of Georges Lefebvre and a critical appraisal of the book after the research and reassessment of three generations of historians.
Presents a critique of the ancien regime, with its venality, oppression and inequality, yet acknowledges the reforms introduced under Louis XVI, and claiming that the post-Revolution state was in many ways as tyrannical as that of the King. This book raises questions about liberty, nationalism and justice.
Jonathan Israel's radical new account of the late Enlightenment highlights forgotten currents and figures. Running counter to mainstream thinking, he demonstrates how a group of philosophe-revolutionnaires provided the intellectual powerhouse of the French Revolution, and how their ideas connect with modern Western democracy.
In 1870 Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, engineered a war with France that would result in the fall of the Second Empire. It was the first modern European war and saw the use of bolt action rifles, machine guns, railway transport and professional general staffs.
Wellington was faced by 80, 000 men of the Army of Portugal under Marshal Massena. At Bussaco on 27 September the British/Portuguese force offered battle. This title shows how Bussaco was both a stinging defeat for the French army and a demonstration of the quality of the Portuguese army.
The formidable economic power and political influence the new Germany is likely to exert in Europe make more desirable than ever an understanding of its past. The latest edition of Carr's classic text and been thoroughly revised and includes a chapter on the revolution of 1989-90.
The collapse of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the birth of new nation states in the Balkans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This title explores the effects of the Ottoman reform era upon Balkan societies in order to shed light on the history of this region during the early nation-state period.
Jurgen Kocka is one of the foremost historians of Germany whose work has been devoted to the integration of different genres of the social and economic history of Europe during the period of industrialization. This collection of essays gives a representative sample of his effort to develop, by reference to Marx and Weber, new and powerful analysis.
A. J. P. Taylor examines the relations of the Great Powers, when Europe was still the centre of the world. Written in characteristically vigorous prose, this is a challenging and original diplomatic history, that also considers the political and economic forces which made continental war inevitable.
In the period 1890-1914, the business elite in Germany turned their economy into the most dynamic in Europe. This study combines quantitative data on the 502 wealthiest businessmen of the time with material from public and private papers and 200 autobiographies.
Interpreting the German--Polish relationship according to a paradigm of 'synthesis' between nations, this book examines the process and socio-political effects of how conflict and contradiction between Germans and Poles gave rise to mentalities and behaviours that were 'transnational'; representing the harmonization of the national dichotomy.
Examines the relationship between representations of Armenia and the political and humanitarian responses to atrocity, genocide and the refugee crisis. This book shows how Armenia and Armenians were portrayed in Britain at a decisive moment in modern history (1879-1925). It is suitable for scholars of modern British history, and Armenian history.
A clear analytical narrative of the French Assembly of Notables of 1787. John Hardman brings together the various facets of this seminal assembly, which have generally been considered in isolation (the king, the royal council, the Notables, the role of Necker, and of the public) into a single integrated account.
At the dawn of the nineteenth century, the Duchy of Coburg, ruled by the Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield (later Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) family, was a small, impoverished German fiefdom. Less than fifty years later their finances were healthy and they held, or were closely related to, many of the crowns of Europe.
This study traces the sweep of intellectual development in Germany since the French Revolution. As well as chronicling historic events, the book deals in detail with the contributions of philosophers, poets and novelists alongside those of parlimentarians and generals.
This Companion provides an overview of European history during the "long" nineteenth century, from 1789 to 1914. Consists of 32 chapters written by leading international scholars. Balances coverage of political, diplomatic and international history with discussion of economic, social and cultural concerns.
Restoration and Risorgimento is an accessible and thought-provoking introduction to the history of Italian Unification. Drawing on the most recent research, this book guides readers through the period, examining how the politically fragmented Italian peninsula was transformed into a united state.
Opening with the accession of Louis XVI in 1774, this book traces the history of France through revolution, terror, and counter-revolution, to the triumph of Napoleon in 1802, and analyses the impact of events both in France itself and the rest of Europe. It shows how a movement which began with optimism and enthusiasm soon became a tragedy.
In the turbulent political and social landscape of Revolutionary France, dress played a major role in defining and displaying new identities. Drawing on a wide range of documentary and visual sources, this book offers a vivid picture of the highly charged politics of Revolutionary appearances.
Historians have long believed that Catholics were late and ambivalent supporters of the German nation. Rebecca Ayako Bennette's bold new interpretation demonstrates definitively that from the beginning in 1871, when Wilhelm I was proclaimed Kaiser of a unified Germany, Catholics were actively promoting a German national identity for the new Reich.
A discussion of the two-year campaign in Northern Italy (1813-14) within the larger context of the Napoleonic Wars. Outnumbered by three to one, the French commander, Eugene Beauharnais fought an outstanding campaign, covering all of Napoleon's southern front.
A comprehensive AS and A-level History text on Europe in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, written by experienced teachers who are also examiners. Includes historical interpretations, document source questions, explanation of difficult words and concepts and a study skills section for exam preparation.
Offers an account of how the French tried and failed to come up with a stable regime for themselves. This book reveals a country with a gap between Paris and the provinces, in which feminism had its own, tortured history, and which managed to lie at the heart of modernity and yet was agonised by a sense of its fall from former greatness.
Just after half past nine on the morning of Sunday 1 November 1755, the end of the world came to the city of Lisbon. Portugal's proud capital was struck by a massive earthquake. This book paints a picture of a city and society changed for ever by a day of terror, describing in detail the quake itself and its immediate aftermath.
A widespread and still contemporary political phenomenon that exercises a profound effect on societies, settler colonialism structures relationships both historically and culturally diverse. This book assesses the distinctive feature of settler colonialism, and discusses its political, sociological, economic and cultural consequences.
The age of nationalism in the eastern Mediterranean world began with the Greek revolt against Ottoman rule. Exploring the power struggles which followed, this book focuses on Britain's role in the expansion of Greece as an independent nation-state, and on the engagement between British power and Hellenic nationalism.
Sweden under Carolus XII had lost its supremacy, and Russia under Peter the Great emerged as the major power in the region. This book offers a description and analysis of the terrible plague epidemic that ravaged the Baltic region in the years between 1709 and 1713 - at the same time when the region was razed by the Great Northern War (1700-21).
In September 1854, the armies of Britain, France and Turkey invaded Russia. In the months that followed over half a million soldiers fell. They died from bullet wounds and shrapnel, cholera and disease, starvation and freezing. The Crimean War was a medieval conflict fought in a modern age. This book traces the war's causes.
Just after half past nine on the morning of Sunday 1 November 1755, the end of the world came to the city of Lisbon. Portugal's proud capital was struck by a massive earthquake. Drawing on primary sources, Edward Paice paints a vivid picture of a city and society changed for ever by a day of terror.
This study emphasizes the role of Napoleon as the heir and executor of the French Revolution, rather than as the liquidator of revolutionary ideals. Napoleon is portrayed as part of the Revolution, preserving its social gains and consecrating the triumph of the bourgeoisie.
Historians traditionally claim to be myth-breakers, but national history since the nineteenth century shows quite a record in myth-making. This exciting new volume compares how national historians in Europe have handled the opposing pulls of fact and fiction and shows which narrative strategies have contributed to the success of national histories.
This study provides an introductory overview of Napoleon's impact on France and Europe. It explores his origins and personality, assesses his contribution to the crucial changes in the conduct of warfare during this period, and examines the reasons for his ultimate defeat.
The French Revolution of 1789 represents a crucial moment in the birth of the modern world; its politics and ideas inspired widespread upheaval throughout Europe. This text examines "Revolutionary France" as a whole, exploring issues of politics and society, culture, and economics.
Nationalism was ubiquitous in nineteenth-century Europe. Yet, we know little about what the nation meant to ordinary people. In this book, both renowned historians and younger scholars try to answer this question. This book will appeal to specialists in the field but also offers helpful reading for any college and university course on nationalism.
At the offset there were not one, but two revolutions: egalitarian and authoritarian. The tension between the two characterized the period and shaped the Republic that in the end emerged from the ruins of the Ancient Regime. The author provides an account of the years leading up to the Revolution and of the Revolution itself.
Traces Robespierre's life from a troubled childhood in provincial Arras to the idealist, fighting for the rights of the people, and sweeping on to the leader prepared to sign the death warrant for his closest friends. This narrative talks about the Revolution and its hero, helping us to understand how ideals and fanaticism can go hand in hand.
Arthur Wellesley, first duke of Wellington (1769-1852), was one of the greatest military commanders in history and is best known as the successful opponent at Waterloo of arguably the leading general of all time, Napoleon Bonaparte. Part of "Potomac's Military Profiles" series, this title offers his biography.
Attempts to reframe our understanding of Napoleon. This book creates a different context for Napoleon's career. It sees the battles as almost side-effects, the consequences of rulers being willing to take the immense risks of fighting or supporting Napoleon - risks that could result in the extinction of entire countries and regimes.
The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars had an enduring influence on the collective memory of all European nations and regions, and have given them an international dimension. These essays look at how the French Wars were remembered in personal diaries, paintings and literature, allowing a comparative analysis with atransnational perspective.
An account of the Battle of Vimeiro in 1808. The battle was part of a string of victories over the French for the future Duke of Wellington. It liberated Portugal from French occupation and secured the vital base from which to prosecute the war in Spain.
The most decisive battle of the entire Peninsular War is described in this volume of the "Campaign" series. Wellington smashed Marmont's French Army and pursued its shattered remnants, leading to the famous cavalry charge of the King's German Legion at Garcia Hernandez.
Fought on 18th June 1815, Waterloo is one of the best known of all battles in history ending 25 years of Napoleonic Wars. Waterloo pitted two of the greatest commanders of the period against each other - Napoleon, who had marched in triumph, Wellington, the victor of the Peninsula and Blucher.
On 28 March 1854 Queen Victoria's government announced that Britain had declared war on Russia. Few conflicts have provoked as much debate as the Crimean War. This illustrated history gives a unique pictorial insight into the war, presenting illustrations from one of the early pioneers of photography.
In 1831, a young princess is forced to leave her home in Brazil and follow her father into exile. After the forcible overthrow of her tyrannical uncle, she is crowned Queen of Portugal and dutifully and bravely lives out an existence that is informed by painful experiences - spiritual loneliness, revolts and opposition to her rule, and more.
Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798 was the first attack on a Middle Eastern country by a Western power in modern times. He was just twenty-eight when he invaded Egypt and it was an episode which contained in embryo many seminal events in his later life. This work looks at his epic military victories and his declaration of himself as emperor.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian revolutionary leader and popular hero, was among the best-known figures of the nineteenth century. This book seeks to examine his life and the making of his cult, to assess its impact, and understand its surprising success.
New for the 2008 specifications this title covers material from the accession of Tsar Alexander II to the forced resignation of Nikita Khrushchev. With historical interpretations, document source questions, explanation of difficult words and concepts, a study skills section for exam preparation and visuals to support learning available online.
Looks at the life of the last Romanovs. This book shows us how the whole enterprise worked, from Tsar Nicholas to his lowest cook and chambermaid. It captures the essence and the scope of life at the court of Nicholas II. It is suitable for historians and biographers.
Guides the reader through a momentous period in modern history, from the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This book provides coverage of Great Power rivalry in Africa and China as well as Europe. It focuses on Germany's role in European diplomacy, during the eras of Bismarck and Kaiser William II.
Captures the essence of the huge transformations that have taken place in France since the late nineteenth century. In a set of thematic chapters, an international team of historians has produced a re-evaluation of modern French history. This is the concluding volume in the "Short Oxford History of France" series.
Gregory Claeys explores the reception of the French Revolution in Britain through the medium of its leading interpreters. Claeys argues that the major figures - Thomas Paine, Edmund Burke, Mary Wollstonecraft, William Godwin and John Thelwall - collectively laid the foundations for political debate for the following century, and longer.
Welsh Ballads of the French Revolution (1793 - 1815) is an edition of ballads composed in the Welsh language during a momentous period in the history of Western civilization. The texts respond to the upheavals of the Revolutionary decade and its afermath, as people in Britain began to react to the violent deaths of the French monarchs.
A new and revised edition of Alan Sked's book, which examines how the Habsburg Empire survived the revolutionary turmoil of 1848. The author widens the discussion to look at the Habsburg Empire alongside the decline of the Russian and German Empires.
Looking at women, business and finance in the nineteenth century, this book takes a look at women's roles in finance and investment, family-owned businesses, retailing, service activities, and the artisanal trades. It reveals that elite and middle-class women often manipulated financial resources in a highly sophisticated manner.
This title explores the process of decolonization of France's largest colony, French West Africa. The author challenges the traditional dichotomy between "imperial" and "colonial" history, and asks was successful decolonization achieved largely by accident.
The book is part of Edexcel's own series of resources for the GCE 2008 specification, and is designed to provide students with the best preparation possible for their examinations. Packed full of exam tips and activities, students can be sure they will develop all the historical skills they need to be fully prepared.
It is the aim of this text to describe Leopold II without prejudice. The text presents many aspects of his life: as a most ruthless negotiator; as the cold father; and as the sensual ancient riding his tricycle at Vilefranche-sur-Mer to pedal round to the villa of a young mistress.
This title explores the process of decolonization of France's largest colony, French West Africa. The author challenges the traditional dichotomy between "imperial" and "colonial" history, and asks was successful decolonization achieved largely by accident.
On 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War, the Light Brigade of the British Cavalry Division made the most magnificent and most brutal charge in military history. Almost 700 men armed with sabre and lance, charged straight at the muzzles of Russian cannons.
Napoleon, as a young artilleryman, was trained with the Gribeauval system, created to standardize the French field artillery. This work deals with 4-, 8- and 12-pdr guns, light 1-pdr guns and later innovations such as the 6-pdr gun, which were used by Napoleon in Italy, Germany and Austria.
Tells the story of the heroism of the ordinary soldiers, through eye-witness accounts of the men who fought and those who survived the terrible winter of 1854-55. To contemporaries, it was 'The Great War with Russia' - fought not only in the Black Sea and the Crimea, but also in the Baltic, the Arctic, the Pacific, and the Caucasus.
The battle of Austerlitz, fought in 1805, against the combined forces of two other empires - Austria and Russia - was Napoleon's most decisive victory. This book follows the drama and characters in the battle hour by hour, illustrating progress through panoramic descriptions and detailed maps.
Leon Daudet was the son of the popular writer Alphonse Daudet. Jean-Baptiste Charcot was the son of the neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot. And Jeanne Hugo was the granddaughter of the immortal Victor Hugo. They were the children of France's most celebrated men of nineteenth-century. This book paints a portrait of a generation lost in upheaval.
The major fortresses of the Iberian peninsular controlled the most important routes in and out of the country. Their renovation included the adding of ravelins, bastions, curtains, and counterscarps. This work examines these fortifications, their design, development and strategic importance.
Provides both a narrative and analysis of the background, course and effects of the 1917 revolution. Beginning with an overview of Imperial Russia and the problems and challenges it faced, this book goes on to look at the growth of revolutionary movements which would eventually lead to the October Revolution.
Based on a re-reading of primary sources and fresh research in the Austrian State Archives, this work presents a scholarly reassessment of the continental war. It argues that Prussia did not win, but merely survived the Seven Years War and did so despite and not because of the actions and decisions of its king Frederick "the Great".
Between 1780-1918, Germany underwent massive changes--politically, territorially, culturally, economically, and socially. In this book, an international team of scholars provides a comprehensive and accessible guide to the subject, organized along chronological lines. The result is a blend of basic guidance with fascinating historical analysis.
Designed to accompany the OU course "From Enlightenment to Romanticism", this anthology provides primary and secondary sources on changing landscapes, new forms of knowledge, conceptions of art and the artist and the exotic and Oriential. Introductory sections explain the context of the sources.
Charts the French Revolution from its beginnings at an impromptu meeting on an indoor tennis court at Versailles in 1789, right through to the 'coup d'etat' that brought Napoleon to power ten years later. This book explains the drama and complexities of this era.
Tracing the development of the fortifications in Europe from the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to the 20th century, this book examines the forts of the Maginot Line, German espionage and the German sieges during the 1940 campaign, the media myths, and the heroic battles fought.
By July 1757, in the aftermath of defeat at Kolin, the situation looked bleak for Frederick the Great of Prussia. This title examines how on 6 December, Frederick won what was perhaps his greatest victory at Leuthen. Five days later, Breslau surrendered.
A study of Germany between 1848 and 1890. It is designed to fulfil the AS and A Level specifications in place from September 2000. The two AS sections deal with narrative and explanation of the topic. The A2 section reflects the different demands of the higher level examination.
Concentrating on the revolutions in central and eastern Europe, and the relations of Germans, Poles, and Slavs, this book explains how 1848 inaugurated an age, not of liberalism as many revolutionaries hoped, but of a nationalism that was to destroy liberal constitutionalism.
The Battle of Woerth was an encounter battle during the opening phase of the Franco-Prussian War; after a courageous defence the French were forced to withdraw from the field of battle. Henderson presents a detailed narrative of the battle, with additional comments about the tactics employed, and the qualities of the generals and the men they led.
Suitable for students studying the economic and social development of Russia and the Soviet Union, as well as the nature of Russian government and its impact on the Russian people in this period at AS/A-level, this title covers modules set by each of the three Awarding Bodies (OCR, Edexcel and AQA).
Just six or seven generations separate the France of Napoleon from that of Fifth Republic. This book explores the closeness of the past and matches the resonances that reverberate down through the years and are matched by transformations which can obscure the powerful continuities.
The decades following the French Revolution saw unprecedented political and social experimentation. This work offers a re-evaluation of the effects of the French Revolution, especially on women. It demonstrates that women remained highly visible in urban public life.
A collection that brings together the author's writings on the French Revolution which anticipate, refine, and summarise the works in his famous "Reflection on the Revolution in France". It features seven items including "Letter to a Member of the National Assembly", Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, and "A Letter to a Noble Lord".
Presents a comprehensive overview of Europe from the background of the French Revolution to the origins of the First World War. Illustrated with maps, contemporary cartoons and portraits, this title presents an analysis of this turbulent and formative period of European History.
An examination of the socio-cultural profile of members of the German-Jewish economic elite whose economic activities were analyzed in "Jews in the German Economy". The book covers matters such as attitudes to Judaism, relations with Gentiles, marriage patterns, culture and patronage.
Presents military history of two important battles during the opening rounds of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870. On 4 August 1870, General Abel Douay's French division was surprised and virtually destroyed by Bavarian and Prussian troops at Wissembourg. This work offers an account of these two important actions.
For centuries Spain had been the most feared and predatory power in Europe - it had one of the world's great navies to defend it. Trafalgar destroyed its navy and French and British armies marching across it at will. The result was a war which killed over a million Spaniards and ended its empire. This book presents this terrible conflict.
Concentrating on the militarised borderlands of eastern France, this book examines the disjuncture between the patriotic expectations of elites and the sentiments expressed in popular songs, folktales and imagery. It shows how the peasant recruit was separated from his previous life and re-educated in military mores.
This study on 18th century Central Europe, examines the coexistence of the Austrian hereditary provinces and Hungary. Both partners in this ambivalent relationship collaborated in bringing about reforms in the Habsburg monarchy, which later inspired movements around East-Central Europe.
Born in Kincardine in 1767, James Wylie became one of the most celebrated doctors in Europe and the centre of two of the most fascinating and enduring conspiracy theories in Russian history. This book unravels the many mysteries surrounding Wylie's life and his involvement with the Romanov dynasty.
Written for the AS/A2 examinations, this book focuses on exam-board selected topics. Covering almost 150 years between unification and reunification, with an emphasis on the interwar years, it encourages students to know the issues that have affected German history during this period, and consider important historical debates and controversies.