Offers an illustrated account of ancient Greece and its classical heritage. This book features a special focus on the life, tactics and military campaigns of Alexander the Great. It explains and examines the military techniques and strategies, operations and training of the Greek armies.
Gibbon's "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" (the second and third volumes were originally published in 1781), is one of the most famous texts in the English language. David Womersley's annotated edition returns to manuscript and original sources.
Gibbon's "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" (the second and third volumes were originally published in 1781), is one of the most famous texts in the English language. David Womersley's annotated edition returns to manuscript and original sources.
An illustrated military and political chronicle of the world's greatest empire: it's leaders and generals, wars and campaigns. Over 470 full-colour photographs, illustrations, maps, battle plans and diagrams bring military campaigns, invasions, victories and defeats to life.
In 209 AD the last Roman invasion of Scotland took place under Emperor Septimus Severus. Under constant attack from the natives of Caledonia, the Romans eventually gave up and returned to Rome as the Roman Empire began to crumble on all fronts. This book presents the story of Rome and its relationship to what is now called Scotland.
How did the Roman state keep law and order throughout its vast empire? The answer is a mix of approaches, many of which involved Roman soldiers working as police among civilians. Policing the Roman Empire draws together hundreds of scattered sources to provide the first synoptic overview of this topic in English.
In 44 bc, Julius Caesar was murdered on the Ides of March. His mistress, Cleopatra of Egypt, fled back to Alexandria with their son. Mark Antony, Caesar's friend and henchman, who, according to some accounts, was already besotted by Cleopatra, took up her son's case before the Senate. But they refused to recognize him as one of Caesar's heirs.
The pragmatic demands of American life have made higher education's sustained study of ancient Greece and Rome an irrelevant luxury - and this despite the fact that American democracy depends so heavily on classical language, literature, and political theory. This title offers a concrete proposal for the role of classical education.
Chronicles the rise of the Achaemenid Persian Empire and its war with the Greek city-states. This book also recounts the experiences of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, an adventurous Ionian Greek with the varied peoples and cultures he had encountered during his journey.
Provides an introduction to the classical world from its origins to the fall of the Roman Empire. This book focuses on questions of how we know about Classical civilization from archaeology and history. It deals with the Mycenaean era and the world of Myth and Epic in Homer's "Iliad & Odyssey". It explores the urban environment in Pompeii.
Presenting with illustrations and special features, this book distils centuries of history into an overview of Ancient Rome, enhanced with the voices of Romans in their own words. Exploring the intriguing origins of the ancient Romans, it looks at what made this civilization so unique.
Offers a historical and literary commentary on Thucydides, the great fifth-century BC Greek historian. This work contains the Pylos-Sphakteria narrative and Brasidas' operations in the north of Greece. It discusses such topics as Thucydides and Herodotus, Thucydides' presentation of Brasidas, Thucydides and kinship, and more.
An abridgement of the "Oxford Classical Dictionary", this book offers over 2, 500 A-Z entries on aspects of life in ancient Greece and Rome, from politics, medicine, philosophy, art, and architecture, to history, myth and religion, mathematics, and literature. It also contains biographical entries on important individuals of the period.
Harriet Flower explains the reasons behind the use of wax masks in the commemoration of politically prominent family members by the elite society of Rome. She traces the evolution of ancestor masks, and puts them into their legal, social, political and symbolic context.
Athens in the 5th century BC offers a picture of the first democracy in history, the first empire created and ruled by a Greek, and a flourishing of learning, philosophical thought and visual and performing arts. To what extent were these developments interrelated? This text answers this question.
The Goths' sack of Rome in AD 410 was an event which shook the Roman world to its core. This book uncovers the key factors that contributed to Alaric the Goth's capture of Rome: mass migrations, military incompetence, civil war, court intrigue, economic decline and religious bigotry.
The Roman empire tends to be seen as a whole whereas the early middle ages tends to be seen as a collection of regional histories, roughly corresponding to the land-areas of modern nation states. This book combines documentary and archaeological evidence to create a comparative history of the period 400-800.
What factors already present in the society of the High Roman Empire developed and expanded into the world of Late Antiquity? What was distinct in this period from what went before? This illustrated collection of fifteen essays, written by internationally known scholars, aims to provide answers to these questions.
What factors already present in the society of the High Roman Empire developed and expanded into the world of Late Antiquity? What was distinct in this period from what went before? This work is an illustrated collection of fifteen essays on the later Roman world.
Examines the Roman games focusing on the practicalities of entertainment and architectural venues. This book offers an introduction to the main forms of spectacle in the Roman world, their nature, context and social importance. It also includes a section which reviews the modern reception of Roman spectacles, especially those involving gladiators.
Byzantium occupies an uncertain place in European history. Though often misconstrued as a vanished successor to the classical world, Byzantium belongs in the mainstream history of Europe and the Mediterranean; its impact is still felt throughout the Balkans, Eastern Europe and the Middle East.
When Xerxes, King of Persia, crosses the Hellespont at the head of a formidable army, it seems inevitable that Greece will be crushed beneath its might. But, the Greeks are far harder to defeat than he could ever have imagined. As storms lash the Persian ships, and sinister omens predict a cruel fate for the expedition, Xerxes strives onward.
It is 401 BC. After an epic battle in Persia, Xenophon is elected general of the defeated Greek army and must lead the men on a fraught journey back home - a journey of hundreds of miles, north from modern-day Iraq into the mountains of Kurdistan and Armenia, and down to the coast of the Black Sea, fighting all the way.
Pompeius Trogus, a Romanized Gaul, wrote a forty-four book universal history (The Philippic History) of the non-Roman, Mediterranean world, which was later abbreviated by M. Junianus Justinus. This volume supplies a historical analysis of this unique source with a full translation and running commentary on Books 13-15.
Presents a study of the religious system of Mithraism, one of the 'mystery cults' popular in the Roman Empire contemporary with early Christianity. This book describes Mithraism from the point of view of the initiate engaging with the religion and its rich symbolic system in thought, word, ritual action, and cult life.
Written by a team of specialist scholars, this work traces the rise of Rome from its origins as a cluster of villages to the foundation of the Empire and its consolidation in the first two centuries CE. It includes chapters on social and political history, the Emperors, art and architecture.
Offers an overview of the history of ancient Greece, from its earliest origins through to its legacy in the modern world. This book traces the evolution of Greeks from Bronze Age civilizations through the emergence of the city state. It is suitable for general readers, museum visitors and undergraduate students.
Polybius' overall theme is how and why the Romans spread their power as they did. The main part of his history describes the rise of Rome, her destruction of Carthage, and her eventual domination of the Greek world. It is a vital achievement despite its incomplete state; all but the first five of its original forty books survive.
During the period from Rome's Stone Age beginnings on the Tiber River to its conquest of the Italian peninsula in 264 BC, the Romans in large measure developed the social, political, and military structure. This account traces Rome's early development within a multicultural environment of Latins, Sabines, Etruscans, Greeks, and Phoenicians.
Examines the Macedonian army' initial training, their rise to an elite unit under Alexander the Great, and their eventual defeat at the battle of Pydna, in 168 BC. This book also details the daily life, weaponry, experience, and motivations of these men, using primary sources and anecdotal material.
An account of the Etruscan peoples and their society that flourished in Italy before the rise of the Roman Republic. The city states of the Etruscan civilization were based in west-central Italy. The Etruscans dominated the region from around the 8th century to the 4th century BC.
A story of an empire breathing its last, this work is a biography about Romulus Augustulus. It focuses on the personalities behind this story and reveals the world into which Romulus was born - an empire that was about to die. It explores how Romulus''s father Orestes, secretary to Attila the Hun, rose through the ranks to become kingmaker.
Follows the trials and triumphs of Julius Caesar's Legio X from its activation to the slogging battle of Munda and from Thapsus. This book incorporates the history of Rome and the Roman army at the height of their power and gory glory. It paints a definitive portrait of daily life in the Tenth Legion.
Caesar's commentaries on his Gallic Wars provide the most detailed eye-witness account of a campaign from antiquity. Gillver uses this and other surviving evidence to consider the importance of the Gallic Wars in the context of the collapse of the Roman Republic and its slide toward civil war.
Julius Caesar was born in 100 BC in Ancient Rome. After an unspectacular beginning, he was elected consul in 59 BC. It was his methods rather than his political programme that made men turn against him, and strike him down on the Ides of March 44 BC. This work tells the story of Rome's greatest leader.
Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great were two of the greatest generals Rome had ever produced. In 49 BC they turned against each other and plunged Rome into civil war. Based on Caesar's own account of the war, Goldsworthy provides an account of this desperate power struggle.
In this portrait of life in Ancient Rome, the author begins by painting a backcloth on which the social, political, cultural and religious aspects of the community are drawn. He enlarges on the details of everyday life, following the typical routine of a normal day from dawn to dinner.
Presents an introduction to the daily life of the Celts living in Britain, Ireland and Europe during the Iron Age and into the Roman period. This book reveals that the Celts were not merely a collection of barbaric tribes but that their civilization compared favourably with those of other ancient civilizations.
Incorporating insights from postcolonial, psychoanalytic, and postmodern theories into close readings of ancient Greek texts, this title sets ancient Greek culture next to the global ancient world of Vedic India, the Han dynasty in China, and the empires that survived Alexander the Great.
This title breaks away from notions of religious conflict between Christians and pagans, to focus on a number of approaches to the Christianization of Rome. It surveys laws and political considerations, and the conflict between Christians over "real" Christianity.
Livy's great history of Rome contains, in Books 21 to 30, the definitive ancient account of Hannibal's invasion of Italy in 218 BC, and the war he fought with the Romans over the following sixteen years. This new translation captures the brilliance of Livy's style, and is accompanied by a fascinating introduction and notes.
Within the space of 300 years, up to the great Persian invasion of 480BC, Greece was transformed from a simple society into a sophisticated civilization which dominated the shores of the Mediterranean. This book places the development of Greece in the context of Mediterranean civilization.
Provides evidence which not only outlines the history of the Carthaginian army during the period of the Punic Wars but which also describes the organisation and equipment of the army. This book addresses how Carthage's army matched up to other Hellenistic armies.
The author of this fully illustrated and complete military history of Caesar's battles, has visited every one of the general's known battlefields, and making full use of other chroniclers and critics, he supplements them with his clear, insightful descriptions of the battles.
Tells the stories of Cyriac of Ancona's quest to record the appearance of the Parthenon; Jacques Spon's quarrel with Guillet de St-Georges about the topography of Athens; and, the painstaking expeditions of the Society of Dilettanti and the deluded forgeries of the Abbe Fourmont.
In this rigorously researched biography Jurgen Malitz invites readers to reconsider the reputation of the Roman Emperor Nero. * Focuses on the growing tension between Nero's artistic tendencies and his role as emperor. * Steers readers through the diverse interpretations of Nero that have arisen through the ages.
Three hundred elite Spartan warriors who, led by their king, Leonidas, faced the vast, inrushing Persian army at the 'hot gates' of Thermopylae and fought to the death for an ideal dearer to them than life itself - the ideal of freedom. This book offers a re-examination of this moment in history.
Reveals the Roman civilization of antiquity through the eyes of 100 of its citizens. This book presents a voice to not just Romes' most famous generals and rulers, such as Caesar and Caligula, but also to her builders and sculptors, her poets, historians, gladiators, shepherds, slaves and courtesans.
Domitian, Emperor of Rome AD 81-96, has traditionally been portrayed as a tyrant, and his later years on the throne as a "reign of terror". But was Domitian a despot? Jones argues that the Court rather than the Senate was the centre of Domitian's power and of his cultural ambitions.
Examines a pivotal period in the history of Europe and the near East. Spanning the ancient and medieval worlds, this title investigates the ideal of sacred kingship that emerged in the late Roman and Persian empires. It brings to life the courts of two global powers that affected the cultures of medieval Europe, Byzantium, Islam and South Asia.
A history of the Roman occupation of Northern Africa. The Romans left their mark on the region, building some 600 cities and 12, 000 miles of roads, but the period also provided opportunities for the talents of a number of Africa's sons, such as the writers Terence and Apuleius.
In September AD 9 half of Rome's Western army was ambushed in a German forest. Three legions, comprising some 25, 000 men under the Roman general Varus, were wiped out by an army of Germanic tribes under the leadership of Arminius. This book offers an account of this battle, the historical background, and the implications of defeat.
This title covers one ot the defining periods of European history. The series of wars between the Classical Greeks and the Persian Empire produced the famous battles of Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis, as well as the ill-fated attempt to overthrow the Persian king in 400 BC.
This biography draws together inscriptional and literary evidence, as well as academic research, in order to examine the reign and politics of the emperor Hadrian. In examining both his private and public life, it touches on his building programme, the Jewish war and his personal relationships.
The concept of a legionary fortress as a permanent structure dates from the reign of Augustus (27 BC-AD 14). This book describes the development, design and construction of these fortresses throughout the length and breadth of the Empire. It also deals with the experience of life within a typical fortress.
A full-length study of the financial, logistical, and social organization of the Athenian navy. Using a variety of sources, particularly the enormous body of inscriptions that served as naval records, it examines the development and function of the Athenian trierarchy.
Presents the story of one of the most colourful dynasties in history, from Caesar's rise to power in the first century BC to Nero's death in AD 68. This work reviews the long history of the Julian and Claudian families in the Republic and the social and political background of Rome.
Published between 1776 and 1788, this text is acknowledged as a masterpiece of English historical writing. Covering the history of Europe from the 2nd-century AD, to the fall of Constantinople in 1453, this edition includes footnotes, explanatory comments, and a precis of the chapters not included.
An account of the historic sea battle which ended in a Greek victory at Salamis in 489 BC. It evokes the sweep of events that the Persian offensive set in motion, and describes the everyday details of the lives of the soldiers, statesmen and ordinary citizens.
The cradle of Western civilisation, Ancient Greece was a land of contradictions and conflict. Charting topics as diverse as Minoan civilization, The Persian Wars, the Athenian Golden Age and the conquests of Alexander the Great, this book traces the development of this creative and restless people.
Oxyrynchus in Egypt is one of the best documented cities of the Roman Empire. This study draws upon the thousands of papyrus documents found there to examine how the city's landowning class derived wealth from the rural hinterland, and the relationship between landowner and farming tenant.
The Annals is a gripping account of the Roman emperors Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero and the brutality that marked their reigns. Tacitus deplores their depravity, proof of the corrupting force of absolute power. J.C. Yardley's vivid and accurate translation is complemented by a thorough introduction and notes.
Ancient Minoan culture has been typically viewed as an ancestor of classical Greek civilization. This book shows that Minoan Crete was on the periphery of a powerfully dynamic cultural interchange with its neighbours. It considers ancient Crete in the context of its powerful competitors to the east and south.
Offers an account of the 'classical' period of Greek history, from the aftermath of the Persian Wars in 478 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. This title includes chapters that cover life and culture in the classical Greek world. It focuses on the evidence for the period, and how the evidence is to be interpreted.
How did a single village in Italy grow to become a world-class imperial power? This introduction is a guide to the stages of Rome's political and military evolution over 1, 500 years - through monarchy, republic, and then empire. It includes illustrations, maps, and excerpts from writings by Romans themselves.
Traces the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. This book is illustrated and features more than sixty full-colour maps. It looks at its provinces and cities, its trade and economy, its armies and frontier defences; follows its foreign ward and internecine struggles; and charts its transformation into a Christian theocracy and its fall in 476.
Discusses Alexander's violent suppression of the Theban rebellion, his defeat of Persia and campaigns through Egypt and Babylon - establishing new cities and destroying others in his path. This title presents an objective portrait of a man of boundless ambition, who was exposed to the temptations of power.
Shows the Romans from a non-Roman perspective and reveals that most of those written off by the Romans as uncivilized, savage and barbaric were in fact organized, motivated and intelligent groups of people, with no intentions of overthrowing Rome and plundering its Empire. This book presents their cultural and technological achievements.
The Punic Wars (264-146 BC) sprang from a mighty power struggle between two ancient civilizations - the trading empire of Carthage and the military confederation of Rome. Though this took place more than 2000 years ago, Nigel Bagnall argues that it has remarkable contemporary significance.
Ephesus: History, Archaeology, Architecture is the most complete presentation in English of the ancient Greek city of Ephesus. Its lavishly-illustrated pages provide an extraordinary wealth of information and are the result of collaboration among numerous Greek and Austrian experts: archaeologists, historians, architects, and graphic designers.
Following the Civil War, and with renewed hopes for the restoration of the Roman Republic, Cicero launched a fierce attack on Mark Antony by delivering a series of speeches that cannot be matched for their vigour. It was these speeches that would be the cause of Cicero's death. This book tells his story.
History sees Augustus Caesar as the first emperor of Rome, whose system of ordered government provided a firm and stable basis for the expansion and prosperity of the Roman Empire. Hailed as 'restorer of the republic' and regarded by some as a deity in his own lifetime, Augustus was emulated by many of his successors.
An examination of the way the Roman army operated during a war and how it fought a battle. The book explores the influence of the Roman army's campaign tactics on its organization, its flexibility, weaponry and leadership, concluding that it was able to adapt to any type of warfare.
Provides an introduction to the polis or ancient Greek city-state. This book addresses such topics as the emergence of the polis, its size and population, and its political culture, ranging from famous poleis such as Athens and Sparta through more than 1, 000 known examples.
This title explores the gladiators of Ancient Rome. Some were prisoners of war and criminals, but others volunteered for the profession. The author relates how they were recruited and trained, and how they fought. Many types of gladiator are covered, from Retiarius to Myrmilo.
Argues for a completely new interpretation of republican chronology. While classicists have long recognized that the Roman Republic changed and evolved over time, the author mounts a serious argument against the idea of republican continuity that has been fundamental to modern historical study.
In this revised and enlarged edition of "The Ancient Olympic Games", Judith Swaddling traces their mythological and religious origins and describes the events, the sacred ceremony and the celebrations that were an essential part of the Olympic festival.
How can we re-create the ceremony as it was celebrated in Rome? How can we piece together its elusive traces in art and literature? This work addresses these questions, focusing on the intriguing process of sifting through and making sense of what constitutes 'history'.
Contested bitterly and bloodily, the ancient Olympics were not an idealistic celebration of unity, but a clash of military powers in an arena not far removed from the battlefield. This book presents a portrait of the Greek Olympics - fierce contests between rivals, in which victors won kudos and rewards, and losers faced scorn and even assault.
In this book, the author reveals forensic evidence that Alexander, the Great was actually poisoned by a member of his court. He recreates the scene of the crime to reveal eight prime suspects, each with the motive and opportunity to have assassinated Alexander. He uncovers the maze of sexual intrigue, vicious power-play and romantic tragedy.
Deals from a philological point of view with Classical Antiquity in general and topics such as history of law and philosophy and the medieval ecclesiastic history. This work covers the period from the Greco-Roman Antiquity until the Late Middle Ages.
In 1995, remains of walls and mosaic floors dating to Hellenistic and Roman times were found, and on one of the walls there was a Greek inscription, known as "The Salmakis Inscription". An international symposium was held where scholars offered their views on the inscription. This book contains the contributions to that symposium.
This title follows the campaigns of Marathon. When the Ionian Revolt broke out in 499 BC, Athens angered the Persians by sending assistance to the Greeks of Asia. Having crushed the revolt, the Persian king, Darius, decided to punish Athens and landed his forces at Marathon 26 miles from the city.
In 1095 Pope Urban II summoned the Christian world to war to secure access to the Holy Land. The Christian army captured Jerusalem, establishing a kingdom that was to last for 200 years. This book aims to bring the confrontation to life, presenting both the European and Arab points of view.
A comprehensive study of the early history, art and archaeology of Europe, ranging from the coming of Stone Age Man to the fall of the Roman Empire. Containing maps and drawings, the book approaches the history of civilization as a response to the changing European landscape and environment.
By focusing on a single year not overshadowed by an epochal event, this title provides a fresh look at Mediterranean civilization in the midst of enormous change - as Christianity takes hold in rural areas across the empire, as western Roman provinces fall away from those in the Byzantine east, and as power shifts from Rome to Constantinople.
Through his pax romana, Augustus created a united Europe and enabled ideas, and Christianity, to spread throughout its territories. In this book, Richard Holland explores the extraordinary, complex nature of the young and inexperienced tyro who found himself in charge of the most expansive empire on earth.
Focusing on six momentous turning points that helped to shape Roman history, this work charts the rise and fall of the world's first superpower - a political machine unmatched in its brutality, its genius, its lust for power. It also covers powerful men such as Pompey the Great, Julius Caesar, Augustus, Nero and Constantine.
In 89 BC, Roman legionaries intervened in the Black Sea region to curb the ambitions of Mithridates VI of Pontos. Over the next two centuries, the Roman presence on the Black Sea coast was increased. This volume deals with the Roman impact on the indigenous population in the Black Sea region and touches on the theme of romanisation of that area.
Jennifer Roberts introduces the background and writing of the 5th century Greek thinker and researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus, who invented the genre of historical investigation. She discusses all aspects of his work, including his fascination with his origins; his travels; his interest in seeing the world; and the recurring themes of his work.
A second revised edition of this sourcebook on Roman social history with selections drawn from letters, manuals, recipes, graffitti and inscriptions as well as literary sources; which offer a glimpse into topics such as: family life, housing, entertainment, health, education, and religion.
Flavius Josephus is known for his portraits of first-century conditions in Judaea. This book attempts a detailed treatment of Josephus' Roman context: the significance of his works for understanding Rome in the late first century, and the significance of that Roman world for understanding Josephus.
One of the world's greatest generals and commanders, Alexander is a near-legendary figure. He dominates classical history as the general and king whose military brilliance and instiable desire for conquest led him to conquer half the known world. This book opens with the rise of Macedonia, followed by an account of Alexander's military progress.
Images of children in Roman society abound: an infant's first bath, learning to walk, playing with pets and toys, going to school, and - all too often - dying prematurely. This title focuses on the period between the first century BCE and the early third century CE.
Details nearly fifty turbulent years of warfare in Greece between 411 and 362 BC. Presenting the story of the Peloponnesian War at the point where Thucydides finished his magisterial history, this title chronicles the conflicts that ultimately led to the decline of Greece, and the wars with both Thebes and the might of Persia.
This series explores the culture and achievement of the civilizations of Greece and Rome. It is designed specifically for students and teachers of classical civilization and ancient history, and provides a collection of guides on literature, history, art, values and social institutions.