This Primer covers the foundations of spectroscopy at a level suitable for first year chemistry undergraduates. Mass spectrometry & X-ray diffraction along with traditional spectroscopic techniques: i.r. n.m.r. & u.v. -visible spectroscopy are covered. The essential physical principles of each method are introduced & many examples of spectral analysis provided. Problems & further reading are also included. This Primer is designed to reflect the recent advances in the use of spectroscopic & diffraction methods not only for obtaining an analysis of elements & groups present in a molecule but also for establishing the arrangement of the constituent atoms. These developments have had a profound effect by increasing scientific knowledge in the fields of chemistry & molecular biology reflected in the elucidation of the structure & function of a wide range of compounds including drugs proteins & enzymes & nucleic acids.