Samuel Pepys's London was a turbulent boisterous city enduring the strains caused by foreign wars the Great Plague & the Great Fire yet growing & prospering. The Restoration in 1660 brought the reopening of the theatres with women appearing on the stage for the first time & the period saw the development of English opera & the first public concerts. Pepys lived through a time of change in a city of contrasts which maintained a sophisticated cultural scene yet was a focus for political turmoil that spilled over into violence. Against this changing & sometimes troubled background Londoners strived to make a living & to enjoy the benefits of their efforts as consumers of an increasing range of food & drink luxuries & entertainments. The London of Wren Dryden & Purcell was also the city of Nell Gwyn an orange seller in the theatre who became an actress & the king's mistress; of ' Colonel' Thomas Blood who attempted to steal the crown jewels from the Tower & yet escaped punishment; & of Titus Oates whose invention of a Popish Plot provoked a major political crisis. London was the country's political economic social & intellectual capital described by a visitor from Tuscany as 'the metropolis of the whole island'.