While an undergraduate Carl Chinn recalls a lecturer postulating that working-class women were downtrodden & brow-beaten by their men: I remember thinking Theyre not in my family".. .I lacked the confidence to disagree & to tell him that I knew many working-class women who were at least the equals of their men & who could fight physically. Indeed the first fight I had seen was when I was ten. My Nan had taken me & my brother down the Villa. An away fan had pinched Our Kids scarf & Our Nan just four foot eleven tall turned round & laid the chap out with one punch. A tough woman whose fore-finger had been torn off by a machine at work Our Nan was the daughter mother & grandmother of strong working-class women. Often strong physically women of the urban poor worked from when they were toddlers until they died. They worked inside & outside the house cooking washing cleaning & planning how to get by; they worked as domestics in the houses of a middle class often arrogant & condescending in their attitudes towards them; they worked in factories shops mills & workshops; they worked in their neighbourhoods in providing vital services for their neighbours. Often earning her own income & receiving the earnings of her children it was the mother who was in charge of the daily battle against hunger & hardships. Such supreme dedication & true grit earned these women the central role in the family & fostered the devotion of their children who recognised a mothers command of the household finances her ability to maintain a familys self-sufficiency through careful housekeeping & creative cooking & her valiant efforts to stay clean & respectable. Married daughters chose to live close to their mothers forming extended families in settled neighbourhoods & furthering cementing strong kinship ties. Older married women who were grannies & aunts held sway over large familial networks & from this position of importance many of them achieved status in their neighbourhoods as layers-out unofficial midwives wise women custodians of the moral code & guardians of the group consciousness. The women of the urban poor worked all their lives for their families & neighbours: they deserve our respect & admiration."