Beyond The Survival of the Fittest: Why Cooperation not Competition is the Key to Life If life is about survival of the fittest then why would we risk our own life to jump into a river to save a stranger? Some people argue that issues such as charity fairness forgiveness & cooperation are evolutionary loose ends side issues that are of little consequence. But as Harvards celebrated evolutionary biologist Martin Nowak explains in this groundbreaking & controversial book cooperation is central to the four-billion-year-old puzzle of life. Indeed it is cooperation not competition that is the defining human trait.