From June 1941 the Soviets were forced to undertake large-scale defensive operations in the face of the overwhelming German blitzkrieg assault operations which ran counter to their preference for highly mobile offensive warfare. Lessons were quickly learned across a wide variety of terrain & climates including the open steppes dense forests wooded swamps cities & in snow & ice where the availability of construction materials differed greatly. The first to cover this topic in the English language & containing detailed information about the trenches bunkers observation posts & weapon positions this book examines field fortifications built from local materials by infantrymen as well as their use of mines field camouflage techniques & construction tools. It provides a first fascinating insight into Russian defensive attempts against the overwhelming might of the German Army.