This fascinating social history of polar expeditions examines the cultural trends that produced these daring, even reckless journeys. From the late-17th to the early 20th century, intrepid explorers from America & Europe risked (and sometimes lost) their lives exploring the forbidding, uncharted landscapes of the Arctic & Antarctica. What drove these men to undertake these seemingly impossible journeys? In this deeply researched book, author John Dippel makes a convincing case that dozens of polar expeditions were motivated less by courageous idealism than personal ambition & national rivalries. The author traces the ways in which men of unbridled ambition responded to society`s need for heroes by masking their true intentions behind patriotic sentiments or noble claims about advancing science. In so doing they frequently put their own lives & those of the men in their command at enormous risk. At the same time, they projected an attitude of cultural superiority, looking down on indigenous arctic people. Their disrespect & ignorance of native means of transportation, diet, shelter, & knowledge of the terrain often led explorers into disaster, where men perished from starvation & exposure or nearly lost their minds. In the end, the failure of so many polar expeditions exposed the limits of humanity`s control of nature & helped to undermine faith in inevitable progress. Readers who have heard of the incredible exploits of such famous explorers as Robert F. Scott, Roald Amundsen, James Cook, & Robert Peary will find in this book an intriguing explanation for what impelled these men to endure unimaginable cold, near-starvation, & years of isolation at the ends of the earth.