This book explores the Holocaust as a social process Although the mass murder of European Jews was essentially the result of political-ideological decisions made by the Nazi state leadership the events of the Holocaust were also part of a social dynamic All European societies experienced developments that led to the social exclusion persecution & murder of the continent's Jews This volume therefore questions Raul Hilberg's category of the bystander' In societies where the political order expects citizens to endorse the exclusion of particular groups in the population there cannot be any completely uninvolved bystanders Instead this book examines the multifarious forms of social action & behaviour connected with the Holocaust It focuses on institutions & persons helpers co-perpetrators facilitators & spectators beneficiaries & profiteers as well as Jewish victims & Jewish organisations trying to cope with the dynamics of exclusion & persecution