Today we know that crime is often not just a matter of making bad decisions Rather there are a variety of factors that are implicated in much criminal offending some fairly obvious like poverty mental illness & drug abuse & others less so such as neurocognitive problems Today we have the tools for effective criminal behavioral change but this cannot be an excuse for criminal offending In The Future of Crime & Punishment William R Kelly identifies the need to educate the public on how these tools can be used to most effectively & cost efficiently reduce crime recidivism victimization & cost The justice system of the future needs to be much more collaborative utilizing the expertise of a variety of disciplines such as psychology psychiatry addiction & neuroscience Judges & prosecutors are lawyers not clinicians & as we transition the justice system to a focus on behavioral change the decision making will need to reflect the input of clinical experts The path forward is one characterized largely by change from traditional criminal prosecution & punishment to venues that balance accountability compliance & risk management with behavioral change interventions that address the primary underlying causes for recidivism There are many moving parts to this effort & it is a complex proposition It requires substantial changes to law procedure decision making roles & responsibilities expertise & funding Moreover it requires a radical shift in how we think about crime & punishment Our thinking needs to reflect a perspective that crime is harmful but that much criminal behavior is changeable