Mutualisms interactions between two species that benefit both of them have long captured the public imagination Their influence transcends levels of biological organization from cells to populations communities & ecosystems Mutualistic symbioses were crucial to the origin of eukaryotic cells & perhaps to the invasion of land Mutualisms occur in every terrestrial & aquatic habitat; indeed ecologists now believe that almost every species on Earth is involved directly or indirectly in one or more of these interactions Mutualisms are essential to the reproduction & survival of virtually all organisms as well as to nutrient cycles in ecosystems Furthermore the key ecosystem services that mutualists provide mean that they are increasingly being considered as conservation priorities ironically at the same time as the acute risks to their ecological & evolutionary persistence are increasingly being identified This volume the first general work on mutualism to appear in almost thirty years provides a detailed & conceptually-oriented overview of the subject Focusing on a range of ecological & evolutionary aspects over different scales (from individual to ecosystem) the chapters in this book provide expert coverage of our current understanding of mutualism whilst highlighting the most important questions that remain to be answered In bringing together a diverse team of expert contributors this novel text captures the excitement of a dynamic field that will help to define its future research agenda