The two great financial crises of the past century are the Great Depression of the 1930s & the Great Recession which began in 2008 Both occurred against the backdrop of sharp credit booms dubious banking practices & a fragile & unstable global financial system When markets went into cardiac arrest in 2008 policymakers invoked the lessons of the Great Depression in attempting to avert the worst While their response prevented a financial collapse & catastrophic depression like that of the 1930s unemployment in the US & Europe still rose to excruciating high levels Pain & suffering were widespread The question given this is why didn't policymakers do better? Hall of Mirrors Barry Eichengreen's monumental twinned history of the two crises provides the farthest-reaching answer to this question to date Alternating back & forth between the two crises & between North America & Europe Eichengreen shows how fear of another Depression following the collapse of Lehman Brothers shaped policy responses on both continents with both positive & negative results Since bank failures were a prominent feature of the Great Depression policymakers moved quickly to strengthen troubled banks But because derivatives markets were not important in the 1930s they missed problems in the so-called shadow banking system Having done too little to support spending in the 1930s governments also ramped up public spending this time around But the response was indiscriminate & quickly came back to haunt overly indebted governments particularly in Southern Europe Moreover because politicians overpromised & because their measures failed to stave off a major recession a backlash quickly developed against activist governments & central banks Policymakers then prematurely succumbed to the temptation to return to normal policies before normal conditions had returned The result has been a grindingly slow recovery in the United States & endless recession in Europe Hall of Mirrors is both a major work of economic history & an essential exploration of how we avoided making only some of the same mistakes twice It shows not just how the lessons of Great Depression history continue to shape society's response to contemporary economic problems but also how the experience of the Great Recession will permanently change how we think about the Great Depression