Genomes 4 has been completely revised & updated It is a thoroughly modern textbook about genomes & how they are investigated As with Genomes 3 techniques come first then genome anatomies followed by genome function & finally genome evolution The genomes of all types of organism are covered viruses bacteria fungi plants & animals including humans & other hominids Genome sequencing & assembly methods have been thoroughly revised including a survey of four genome projects human Neanderthal giant panda & barley Coverage of genome annotation emphasizes genome-wide RNA mapping with CRISPR-Cas 9 & GWAS methods of determining gene function covered The knowledge gained from these techniques forms the basis of the three chapters that describe the three main types of genomes eukaryotic prokaryotic (including eukaryotic organelles) & viral (including mobile genetic elements) Coverage of genome expression & replication is truly genomic concentrating on the genome-wide implications of DNA packaging epigenome modifications DNA-binding proteins non-coding RNAs regulatory genome sequences & protein-protein interactions Also included are applications of transcriptome analysis metabolomics & systems biology The final chapter is on genome evolution focusing on the evolution of the epigenome using genomics to study human evolution & using population genomics to advance plant breeding Established methods of molecular biology are included if they are still relevant today & there is always an explanation as to why the method is still important Each chapter has a set of short-answer questions in-depth problems & annotated further reading There is also an extensive glossary Genomes 4 is the ideal text for upper level courses focused on genomes & genomics