NOW® Probiotic Defense is a combination of "friendly" probiotic bacteria, including ones commonly found as soil organisms, blended into a fermented whole food base. NOW® Probiotic Defense contains 13 active bacterial strains & has been designed to support gastrointestinal health & healthy immune system function. FOS is also included in this product to assist healthy growth of Acidophilus & Bifidus organisms.* NOW® Probiotic Defense is stable at room temperature, requiring no refrigeration. Do Not Eat Freshness Packet. Keep in Bottle. As a dietary supplement, take 1 Vcap® 3 times daily with water, preferably on an empty stomach. Start with 1 Vcap® per day & gradually increase to 3 Vcaps® per day. Cellulose (capsule), Fermented Molasses, Probiotic Cultures, Magnesium Stearate (vegetable source), Chicory Root Inulin/FOS (fructooligosaccharide) & Silica. Contains milk & soy derivatives.