Economical desktop projector for office & classroom, offering basic high performance & superior ease of use The VPL-DX147 is packed with features optimised for the business & education markets at a reasonable price. The projector is compact & lightweight, with its simple design making it very easy to set up. Sony 3LCD Bright Era™ panel technology provides bright & colourful projection. Plenty of interfaces allow easy connection, while a choice of Picture Modes optimises viewing with any source – slide presentations, PC documents, pictures or videos. There’s a range of smart energy-saving features built in, including auto power saving function. & with a recommended lamp replacement time of 10, 000 hours, downtime & maintenance costs are minimised. Compact, lightweight & stylish design The VPL-DX147 has a compact & lightweight body with a small footprint of Approx. 315 x 75 x 230.5 mm (12 13/32 x 2 15/16 x 9 1/16 inches) & a light weight of Approx. 2.6kg (5.8 lb). This compact, lightweight projector is convenient for carrying around a meeting room or classroom. Energy efficient with long-lasting lamp of 10, 000 hours The lamp driver optimally controls the wattage of the lamp & achieves a long-lasting lamp time of 10, 000* hours. The recommended lamp replacement time is extended by 43%, compared to the previous model. * Lamp mode: low, Complies with IEC61947 standard Advanced energy-saving features Advanced lamp technology enables robust energy-saving features. For example, greater brightness control in Auto Light Dimming mode saves considerable energy when the projector is left on without being used. During projection, Auto Lamp Mode automatically adjusts light output to suit the projected scene. When you need to mute the picture temporarily, light output can be completely deactivated to minimise energy consumption. High image quality 3LCD Bright Era™ natural & vivid colour images Widescreen XGA (1280 x 800) 4:3 screen resolution, 3LCD Bright Era™ natural & vivid colour images, plus various Picture Modes for optimising image quality, make the projector one of the best in its class. Thanks to the optical system projecting three basic colours constantly, the projector offers excellent light efficiency, ensuring colourful & bright images. Sony's Bright Era™ panels deliver enhanced panel light resistance, higher resolution, high brightness & increased panel reliability. High colour reproducibility is important especially when using colourful content, such as materials used in classrooms. Various picture modes for optimal picture quality The projector has six available picture modes for correct picture quality: Dynamic, Standard, Presentation, Blackboard, Game, & Cinema. With six picture modes & three brightness modes combined, the user can select the most suitable picture/brightness combination according to the picture source & environment, to create the optimal image. Network presentation (LAN) When the projector is installed in a LAN, presentations can be projected from any PC & Mac on the network. A tablet or smartphone can be connected at the same time. You can project jpg, pdf & other supported formats. Up to four users can project PC/ Mac images simultaneously, while up to eight users can connect to one projector. For PC/ Mac, an application, Projector Station for Network Presentation, is provided. For a tablet/smartphone, an application is provided by Pixelworks, downloaded from the web. For details, please visit: http://PWPresenter.pixelworks.com Remote control for i OS device Projector Remote is a simple remote control application for Sony’s projectors. Networked projectors can be controlled by this remote application. Remote Control means that you can operate the projector with simple & easy-to-read buttons. USB (Universal Serial Bus) display The projector means that you can display pictures & audio* with one USB (Universal Serial Bus) cable. You do not need to install any driver for this function. It is a convenient way to connect to the projector when you want to connect easily. * There is a time lag in video & audio. When not in simple use, it is recommended to use Line-in or HDMI-in. Input name customisation It is possible to customise the input names that appear in the input menu on screen. It allows users to understand clearly what equipment is connected. ...

Overview The VPL-DX221 XGA projector is a cost-effective yet fully-featured choice for clear, bright presentations in offices, smaller meeting rooms & school classrooms. Light, compact & energy efficient, its easy to set up & connect with other devices. 2, 800 lumens colour light output with 3LCD Bright Era™ panel technology ensures crisply detailed XGA resolution images that are always seen clearly, even in daylit rooms. Auto Start gets you presenting faster, while Quick Power Off saves your valuable time when youre hurrying to the next meeting. Another presenter-friendly feature of presentation timer reminds speakers not to outstay their welcome Running costs are kept down by clever energy-saving features. Simplified maintenance & an extra-long lamp replacement time of up to 10, 000 hours helps reduce downtime in busy classrooms & offices. Features Light, compact & stylish Weighing less than 3kg, the space-saving VPL-DX221 is easy to carry between meeting rooms or classrooms. Bright, clear images with maximum 2, 800 lumens colour light output The projector’s generous light output ensures that presentations are seen clearly in classrooms & meeting rooms. XGA resolution for crisp presentations XGA (1024 x 768) resolution gives lots of fine detail: useful for making presentations direct from a laptop or tablet. 3LCD Bright Era™ technology The efficient 3LCD panel system is enhanced by advanced Bright Era™ technology by Sony. You’ll see the difference with impressively consistent, high resolution images & excellent reliability. Picture modes Theres a choice of picture modes to fine-tune your image with any kind of content
- including Vivid mode for brighter-looking pictures that really stand out with more powerful, high-impact colour. Gamma adjustment Gamma curve adjustment offers three settings for accurate tonal reproduction with rich, punchy colours & clear, easy-to-read text. Simple screen mirroring Add a Miracast-compatible dongle (not included) & project wirelessly from laptops, tablets & smartphones. Get presenting faster Auto Start detects signals from a connected HDMI or VGA source, turning on the projector so youre all ready to start presenting. Switch off & go Quick Power Off shortens cool-down time to just 10 seconds after switch-off at the end of a presentation
- saving time when youre in a hurry to the next meeting. Presentation timer Speakers can keep an eye on their allocated presentation time, with a count-up or count-down timer in a corner of the screen. Up to 10, 000 hours long-lasting lamp The energy-efficient lamp driver contributes to lower operating costs & an exceptional lamp replacement interval of up to 10, 000 hours (in Low brightness mode). Reduced ownership costs Theres a range of energy-saving features to drive down total ownership costs. Auto Mode adjusts lamp brightness depending on picture content. Lamp Dimming progressively reduces brightness if no inputs detected, or after a preset time. Touching the Blank button on the projector remote instantly mutes the picture when its not needed. Audio out Audio terminals allow direct connection of active speakers (not included) to suit the needs of any room. Easy access, simple maintenance Lamp access on the top panel of the projector simplifies lamp replacement, whether the projectors ceiling- or table-mounted. Theres also a sliding air filter & detachable dust cover, for easy maintenance without having to remove the projector from its ceiling mount. Settings lock for greater security Prevent unwanted changes to projector settings.

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Bring learning to life with this bright, energy-efficient, wireless-ready portable projector that has been designed in consultation with teachers & made for today’s classrooms Combining superb widescreen WXGA image quality with smart energy-efficient features, the VPL-EW235 portable projector enhances learning with powerful presentations that really stand out. Simple to use & wireless ready, the projector is ideal for maximising student engagement in today’s networked classrooms, making it your ideal partner throughout the busy school day. Sony Bright Era™ panel technology assures clear pictures in any conditions, from daylight to darkened classrooms. Plenty of interfaces allow easy connection, while a choice of Picture Modes optimises viewing with any source – slide presentations, PC documents, pictures or videos. Adding an optional Wi-Fi module lets students & teachers wirelessly share homework, images & graphics from mobile devices like smartphones & tablets. There’s a wide range of smart energy-saving features built in. & with a recommended lamp replacement time of 10, 000 hours, downtime & maintenance costs are minimised. Energy efficient with long-lasting lamp of 10, 000 hours The lamp driver optimally controls the wattage of the lamp & achieves a long-lasting lamp time of 10, 000* hours. The recommended lamp replacement time is extended by 43%, compared to the previous model. * Lamp mode: low, Complies with IEC61947 standard Advanced energy-saving features Advanced lamp technology enables robust energy-saving features. For example, greater brightness control in Auto Light Dimming mode saves considerable energy when the projector is left on without being used. During projection, Auto Lamp Mode automatically adjusts light output to suit the projected scene. When you need to mute the picture temporarily, light output can be completely deactivated to minimise energy consumption. High image quality 3LCD Bright Era™ natural & vivid colour images Widescreen WXGA (1280 x 800) 16:10 screen resolution, 3LCD Bright Era™ natural & vivid colour images, plus various Picture Modes for optimising image quality, make the projector one of the best in its class. Thanks to the optical system projecting three basic colours constantly, the projector offers excellent light efficiency, ensuring colourful & bright images. Sony's Bright Era™ panels deliver enhanced panel light resistance, higher resolution, high brightness & increased panel reliability. High colour reproducibility is important especially when using colourful content, such as materials used in classrooms. Various picture modes for optimal picture quality The projector has six available picture modes for correct picture quality: Dynamic, Standard, Presentation, Blackboard, Game, & Cinema. With six picture modes & three brightness modes combined, the user can select the most suitable picture/brightness combination according to the picture source & environment, to create the optimal image. Network presentation (LAN/ Wireless LAN) When the projector is installed in a LAN, presentations can be projected from any PC & Mac on the network. A tablet or smartphone can be connected at the same time. You can project jpg, pdf & other supported formats. Up to four users can project PC/ Mac images simultaneously, while up to eight users can connect to one projector. For PC/ Mac, an application, Projector Station for Network Presentation, is provided. For a tablet/smartphone, an application is provided by Pixelworks, downloaded from the web. For details, please visit: http://PWPresenter.pixelworks.com Remote control for i OS device Projector Remote is a simple remote control application for Sony’s projectors. Networked projectors can be controlled by this remote application. Remote Control means that you can operate the projector with simple & easy-to-read buttons. USB (Universal Serial Bus) display The projector means that you can display pictures & audio* with one USB (Universal Serial Bus) cable. You do not need to install any driver for this function. It is a convenient way to connect to the projector when you want to connect easily. * There is a time lag in video & audio. When not in simple use, it is recommended to use Line-in or HDMI-in. Input Label The input label, which appears in the input menu on screen, can be customised. This gives users a clear understanding of which equipment is connected. Built-in speaker The projector

Includes:: a 16W monaural speaker.

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Bring learning to life with this bright, energy-efficient, wireless-ready portable projector that has been designed in consultation with teachers & made for today’s classrooms. Combining superb widescreen WXGA image quality with smart energy-efficient features, the VPL-EW255 portable projector enhances learning with powerful presentations that really stand out. Simple to use & wireless ready, the projector is ideal for maximising student engagement in today’s networked classrooms, making it your ideal partner throughout the busy school day. Sony Bright Era™ panel technology assures clearpictures in any conditions, from daylight to darkened classrooms. Plenty of interfaces allow easy connection, while a choice of Picture Modes optimises viewing with any source – slide presentations, PC documents, pictures or videos. Adding an optional Wi-Fi module lets students & teachers wirelessly share homework, images & graphics from mobile devices like smartphones & tablets. There’s a wide range of smart energy-saving features built in. & with a recommended lamp replacement time of 10, 000 hours, downtime & maintenance costs are minimised. Energy efficient with long-lasting lamp of 10, 000 hours The lamp driver optimally controls the wattage of the lamp & achieves a long-lasting lamp time of 10, 000* hours. The recommended lamp replacement time is extended by 43%, compared to the previous model. * Lamp mode: low, Complies with IEC61947 standard Advanced energy-saving features Advanced lamp technology enables robust energy-saving features. For example, greater brightness control in Auto Light Dimming mode saves considerable energy when the projector is left on without being used. During projection, Auto Lamp Mode automatically adjusts light output to suit the projected scene. When you need to mute the picture temporarily, light output can be completely deactivated to minimise energy consumption. High image quality 3LCD Bright Era™ natural & vivid colour images Widescreen WXGA (1280 x 800) 16:10 screen resolution, 3LCD Bright Era™ natural & vivid colour images, plus various Picture Modes for optimising image quality, make the projector one of the best in its class. Thanks to the optical system projecting three basic colours constantly, the projector offers excellent light efficiency, ensuring colourful & bright images. Sony's Bright Era™ panels deliver enhanced panel light resistance, higher resolution, high brightness & increased panel reliability. High colour reproducibility is important especially when using colourful content, such as materials used in classrooms. Various picture modes for optimal picture quality The projector has six available picture modes for correct picture quality: Dynamic, Standard, Presentation, Blackboard, Game, & Cinema. With six picture modes & three brightness modes combined, the user can select the most suitable picture/brightness combination according to the picture source & environment, to create the optimal image. Network presentation (LAN/ Wireless LAN) When the projector is installed in a LAN, presentations can be projected from any PC & Mac on the network. A tablet or smartphone can be connected at the same time. You can project jpg, pdf & other supported formats. Up to four users can project PC/ Mac images simultaneously, while up to eight users can connect to one projector. For PC/ Mac, an application, Projector Station for Network Presentation, is provided. For a tablet/smartphone, an application is provided by Pixelworks, downloaded from the web. Remote control for i OS device Projector Remote is a simple remote control application for Sony’s projectors. Networked projectors can be controlled by this remote application. Remote Control means that you can operate the projector with simple & easy-to-read buttons. USB (Universal Serial Bus) display The projector means that you can display pictures & audio* with one USB (Universal Serial Bus) cable. You do not need to install any driver for this function. It is a convenient way to connect to the projector when you want to connect easily. * There is a time lag in video & audio. When not in simple use, it is recommended to use Line-in or HDMI-in. Input Label The input label, which appears in the input menu on screen, can be customised. This gives users a clear understanding of which equipment is connected. Built-in speaker The projector

Includes:: a 16W monaural speaker.

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Bring learning to life with this bright, energy-efficient, wireless-ready portable projector that has been designed in consultation with teachers & made for today’s classrooms Combining superb widescreen WXGA image quality with smart energy-efficient features, the VPL-EW295 portable projector enhances learning with powerful presentations that really stand out. Simple to use & wireless ready, the projector is ideal for maximising student engagement in today’s networked classrooms, making it your ideal partner throughout the busy school day. Sony Bright Era™ panel technology assures clear pictures in any conditions, from daylight to darkened classrooms. Plenty of interfaces allow easy connection, while a choice of Picture Modes optimises viewing with any source – slide presentations, PC documents, pictures or videos. Adding an optional Wi-Fi module lets students & teachers wirelessly share homework, images & graphics from mobile devices like smartphones & tablets. There’s a wide range of smart energy-saving features built in. & with a recommended lamp replacement time of 10, 000 hours, downtime & maintenance costs are minimised. Energy efficient with long-lasting lamp of 10, 000 hours The lamp driver optimally controls the wattage of the lamp & achieves a long-lasting lamp time of 10, 000* hours. The recommended lamp replacement time is extended by 43%, compared to the previous model. * Lamp mode: low, Complies with IEC61947 standard Advanced energy-saving features Advanced lamp technology enables robust energy-saving features. For example, greater brightness control in Auto Light Dimming mode saves considerable energy when the projector is left on without being used. During projection, Auto Lamp Mode automatically adjusts light output to suit the projected scene. When you need to mute the picture temporarily, light output can be completely deactivated to minimise energy consumption. High image quality 3LCD Bright Era™ natural & vivid colour images Widescreen WXGA (1280 x 800) 16:10 screen resolution, 3LCD Bright Era™ natural & vivid colour images, plus various Picture Modes for optimising image quality, make the projector one of the best in its class. Thanks to the optical system projecting three basic colours constantly, the projector offers excellent light efficiency, ensuring colourful & bright images. Sony's Bright Era™ panels deliver enhanced panel light resistance, higher resolution, high brightness & increased panel reliability. High colour reproducibility is important especially when using colourful content, such as materials used in classrooms. Various picture modes for optimal picture quality The projector has six available picture modes for correct picture quality: Dynamic, Standard, Presentation, Blackboard, Game, & Cinema. With six picture modes & three brightness modes combined, the user can select the most suitable picture/brightness combination according to the picture source & environment, to create the optimal image. Network presentation (LAN/ Wireless LAN) When the projector is installed in a LAN, presentations can be projected from any PC & Mac on the network. A tablet or smartphone can be connected at the same time. You can project jpg, pdf & other supported formats. Up to four users can project PC/ Mac images simultaneously, while up to eight users can connect to one projector. For PC/ Mac, an application, Projector Station for Network Presentation, is provided. For a tablet/smartphone, an application is provided by Pixelworks, downloaded from the web. For details, please visit: http://PWPresenter.pixelworks.com Remote control for i OS device Projector Remote is a simple remote control application for Sony’s projectors. Networked projectors can be controlled by this remote application. Remote Control means that you can operate the projector with simple & easy-to-read buttons. USB (Universal Serial Bus) display The projector means that you can display pictures & audio* with one USB (Universal Serial Bus) cable. You do not need to install any driver for this function. It is a convenient way to connect to the projector when you want to connect easily. * There is a time lag in video & audio. When not in simple use, it is recommended to use Line-in or HDMI-in. Input Label The input label, which appears in the input menu on screen, can be customised. This gives users a clear understanding of which equipment is connected. Built-in speaker The projector

Includes:: a 16W monaural speaker.

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The VPL-EW455 projector is ideal for mid-sized classrooms & meeting rooms. Quiet, compact & powerful, it delivers detail-packed WXGA images with 3, 500 lumens colour light output & high 20, 000:1 contrast ratio that can be seen clearly even in bright rooms & with larger projection screens, with Sonys 3LCD technology assuring natural, vivid colours. Image quality is further enhanced compared with previous models, with a new colour/white balance setting for crisp reproduction of on-screen text & a new Vivid picture mode ensuring even richer, more vibrant colours. The VPL-EW455 is an ideal partner for todays integrated AV/IT environments, expanding your connectivity options with dual HDMI ports & Direct USB (Universal Serial Bus) Display connection. A convenient input label function makes life simpler, confirming on screen the name of connected devices. Add the VPL-EW455 to a network & see presentations from up to four connected PC/ Mac computers simultaneously. Slip in an optional Wi-Fi dongle & present directly wirelessly from laptops. A range of energy-saving features plus up to 10, 000 hours recommended lamp replacement time contribute to low ownership costs. Routine maintenance is quick & easy with a convenient rear lamp access feature. ...

The VPL-EW575 projector is ideal for mid-sized classrooms & meeting rooms. Quiet, compact & powerful, it delivers detail-packed WXGA images with 4, 300 lumens colour light output & high 20, 000:1 contrast ratio that can be seen clearly even in bright rooms & with larger projection screens, with Sonys 3LCD technology assuring natural, vivid colours. Image quality is further enhanced compared with previous models, with a new colour/white balance setting for crisp reproduction of on-screen text & a new Vivid picture mode ensuring even richer, more vibrant colours. The VPL-EW575 is an ideal partner for todays integrated AV/IT environments, expanding your connectivity options with dual HDMI ports & Direct USB (Universal Serial Bus) Display connection. A convenient input label function makes life simpler, confirming on screen the name of connected devices. Add the VPL-EW575 to a network & see presentations from up to four connected PC/ Mac computers simultaneously. Slip in an optional Wi-Fi dongle & present directly wirelessly from laptops. A range of energy-saving features plus up to 10, 000 hours recommended lamp replacement time contribute to low ownership costs. Routine maintenance is quick & easy with a convenient rear lamp access feature. Technical

Specification Projection Display System: 3 LCD system Size of effective display area: 0.75” (19mm) x 3 Bright Era LCD Panel Aspect ratio 16:10 Number of pixels: 3, 072, 000 (1280x 800 x 3) pixels Projection Lens Focus: Manual Zoom Powered/ Manual: Manual Zoom – Ratio: Approx. x 1.6 Throw Ratio: 1.10:1 to 1.79:1 Light Output Lamp mode: High: 4300 lm Lamp mode: Standard: 3200 lm Lamp mode: Low: 2400 lm Colour Light Output Lamp mode: High: 4300 lm Lamp mode: Standard: 3200 lm Lamp mode: Low: 2400 lm Input/ Output INPUT A: RGB / Y PB PR inputconnector: Mini D-sub 15 pin female, Audio input connector: Stereo mini jack INPUT B: RGB input connector: Mini Dsub 15 pin female, Audio input connector: Stereo mini jack INPUT C: HDMI input connector: HDMI 19-pin, HDCP support, Audio input connector: HDMI audio support INPUT D: HDMI input connector: HDMI 19-pin, HDCP support, Audio input connector: HDMI audio support S VIDEO IN: S Video input connector: Mini DIN 4-pin VIDEO IN: Video input connector: Phono jack OUTPUT: MONITOR output connector: Mini D-sub 15 pin female, Audio input connector: Stereo mini jack LAN: RJ-45, 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX USB: Type-A USB: Type-B MICROPHONE IN: Microphone jack: Mini Jack

Dimensions

Dimensions (W x H x D) (without protrusions): Aprox. 365 x 96.2 x 252mm (14 3/8 x 3 25/32 x 9 29/32”)





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The VPL-EW578 projector is ideal for mid-sized classrooms & meeting rooms. Quiet, compact & powerful, it delivers detail-packed WXGA images with 4, 300 lumens colour light output & high 20, 000:1 contrast ratio that can be seen clearly even in bright rooms & with larger projection screens, with Sonys 3LCD technology assuring natural, vivid colours. Image quality is further enhanced compared with previous models, with a new colour/white balance setting for crisp reproduction of on-screen text & a new Vivid picture mode ensuring even richer, more vibrant colours The VPL-EW578 is an ideal partner for todays integrated AV/IT environments, expanding your connectivity options with HDBase T support, dual HDMI ports & Direct USB (Universal Serial Bus) Display connection. A convenient input label function makes life simpler, confirming on screen the name of connected devices. Add the VPL-EW578 to a network & see presentations from up to four connected PC/ Mac computers simultaneously. Slip in an optional Wi-Fi dongle & present directly wirelessly from laptops. A range of energy-saving features plus up to 10, 000 hours recommended lamp replacement time contribute to low ownership costs. Routine maintenance is quick & easy with a convenient rear lamp access feature. Technical Specifications Projection Display System: 3 LCD system Size of effective display area: 0.75” (19mm) x 3 Bright Era LCD Panel Aspect ratio 16:10 Number of pixels: 3, 072, 000 (1280x 800 x 3) pixels Projection Lens Focus: Manual Zoom Powered/ Manual: Manual Zoom – Ratio: Approx. x 1.6 Throw Ratio: 1.10:1 to 1.79:1 Light Output Lamp mode: High: 4300 lm Lamp mode: Standard: 3200 lm Lamp mode: Low: 2400 lm Colour Output Lamp mode: High: 4300 lm Lamp mode: Standard: 3200 lm Lamp mode: Low: 2400 lm Input/ Output INPUT A: RGB / Y PB PR inputconnector: Mini D-sub 15 pin female INPUT B: RGB input connector: Mini Dsub 15 pin female INPUT C: HDMI input connector: HDMI 19-pin, HDCP support INPUT D: HDMI input connector: HDMI 19-pin, HDCP support S VIDEO IN: S Video input connector: Mini DIN 4-pin VIDEO IN: Video input connector: Phono jack OUTPUT: MONITOR output connector: Mini D-sub 15 pin female REMOTE: D-sub 9-pin male/RS232C LAN: RJ-45, 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX USB: Type-A USB: Type-B MICROPHONE IN: Microphone jack: Mini Jack

Dimensions

Dimensions (W x H x D) (without protrusions): Aprox. 365 x 96.2 x 252mm (14 3/8 x 3 25/32 x 9 29/32”)



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With a single push of the ECO MODE button on the projector itself, (or the supplied Remote Commander), users can switch simply to the eco settings. The VPL-EX100 has three brightness modes (High, Standard & Low) allowing the user to control the brightness & power consumption of the projector to suit the environment & conditions they are in. Sony has unrivalled experience in projector design & manufacture for the home, business, education & in the cinema. Simple to maintain & with direct controls for all power modes, the E-series range of projectors from Sony are picture-perfect choice for smart boardrooms & classrooms. The core strengths of Sonys E-Series projectors are performance, convenience & economy. The VPL-EX100 delivers these with exceptional image quality at a low cost of ownership. The 1.3
- 1.82 throw ratio & 1.3 times optical zoom allows the VPL-EX100 to be installed in a wide range of environments &, where possible, can even re-use existing ceiling suspensions. A long lamp life, (up to 6000 hours) & synchronised lamp & filter change means a reduction in maintenance costs & gives you exceptionally low levels of down-time. Product Type LCD Projector Contrast Ratio 2200:1 Maximum Resolution 1600 x 1200 Brand Name Sony Native Resolution 1024 x 768 High Mode Brightness 2300 lm Standard Mode Brightness 1800 lm Native Aspect Ratio 4:3
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The core strengths of Sony’s E-Series projectors are performance convenience & economy. The VPL-EX100 delivers these with exceptional image quality at a low cost of ownership. The 1.3 – 1.82 throw ratio & 1.3 times optical zoom allows the VPL-EX100 to be installed in a wide range of environments & where possible can even re-use existing ceiling suspensions. A long lamp life (up to 6000 hours) & synchronised lamp & filter change means a reduction in maintenance costs & gives you exceptionally low levels of down-time ...