Out with the old, in with the new: this familiar adage can well apply to what happened to so-called Old Roman chant when the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy got underway in 1305; the seat of the Holy Roman Empire moved from Rome to Avignon for a period of 72 years. During this time, a reform in clerical singing that had been making its leisurely way over a period of two centuries was ramped up in intensity; the Gregorian style of chant singing -- which stressed uniformity & was a hybrid of